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Hu Gadarn
Hu Gadarn ((英語:He the Mighty)) is a supposed Welsh legendary figure who appears in several of a series of Welsh Triads produced by the Welsh antiquarian and literary forger Iolo Morganwg. These triads, which Iolo put forth as medieval works, present Hu as a culture hero of the ancient Britons who introduced ploughing. However, it is now known that the triads, like all of the so-called "Third Series" of triads, were fabricated by Iolo himself.〔Rejhon, A. C. (1983). "Hu Gadarn: Folklore and Fabrication". In Patrick K. Ford (Ed.), ''Celtic Folkore and Christianity'', pp. 201–12. Santa Barbara.〕 The name "Hu Gadarn" earlier appeared in a Welsh translation of a French romance about Charlemagne. Still, Iolo's version of Hu Gadarn was taken up in the 20th century by the poet Robert Graves, who associated him with other Celtic figures; since then he has been popular among neopagans.〔Jones, Mary (2009). ("Hu Gadarn" ). From www.maryjones.us. Retrieved June 4, 2010.〕
==Origins==
The name Hu Gadarn first appears in ''Pererindod Siarlymaen'', a Welsh adaptation of the 12th-century French romance ''Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne'' (''The Pilgrimage of Charlemagne'').〔("The Pilgrimage of Charlemagne" ). ''Selections from the Hengwrt Mss. Preserved in the Peniarth Library''. Williams, Robert, ed. & trans. London: Thomas Richards, 1892〕 In this story, part of the literary cycle known as the Matter of France, Hu Gadarn (''Hugo'' or ''Hugun le Fort'' in the French) is Emperor of Constantinople and an enemy of Siarlymaen (Charlemagne). After Siarlymaen's wife tells him his valor is overshadowed by Hu's, Siarlymaen sets off on a pilgrimage to find the emperor in Constantinople. With the aid of his knights, he bests his adversary and returns to his wife triumphant.〔
The story, which may have precedents in Celtic literature, specifically associates Hu with ploughing, a detail later picked up by Iolo Morganwg. Hu Gadarn is mentioned metaphorically in Iolo Goch's (fl. 14th century) poem "Y Llafurwr", on the ploughman, suggesting the poet knew some version of the story.〔〔Dafydd Johnston (ed.), ''Gwaith Iolo Goch'' (University of Wales Press, 1988), poem XXVIII.〕 Other early references to "Hu Gadarn" have been cited in poems by Rhys Brydydd and Llywelyn ab y Moel, both of whom associated him with semi-divine attributes during the 15th century.
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